This interactive bulletin reports on the latest epidemiology of
COVID-19, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other
respiratory viruses (ORVs) in Ireland. HPSC monitors several integrated
respiratory virus surveillance systems that are included in this
bulletin. This report will be published weekly during the winter season
(week 40 to week 20).
How to use this interactive bulletin
For interactive graphs – data values and labels can be seen by
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contents to the left of the screen.
Key messages
NOTE: Data for weeks 52 and 53 2025 should be interpreted
with caution as surveillance data are impacted during the Christmas/New
Year holiday period, due to changes in reporting, testing and associated
changes with healthcare provision and healthcare seeking behaviour. Data
for these weeks may not accurately reflect the epidemiological
situation.
Influenza activity increased across all surveillance indicators and
was at moderate levels overall but activity is likely to have peaked in
weeks 50–51, 2025. RSV activity increased and was at moderate levels
overall. COVID-19 activity increased and was at low levels overall.
Vaccination/immunisation remains one of the most effective ways to
reduce severe illness from influenza, RSV, and COVID-19. Strong
surveillance, immunisation programmes, and healthcare system readiness
(including Infection Prevention Control) are key to protecting public
health.
Summary for most
recent week
Syndromic surveillance
The sentinel GP Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) consultation rate
decreased in recent weeks but remained at very high levels at
176.6/100,000 population during ISO week 1 2026. The highest rates were
in those aged <5 years at 422.5/100,000 population. The sentinel GP
influenza-like-illness (ILI) consultation rate decreased in recent weeks
and was at moderate levels at 60/100,000 population during week 1.
Sentinel GP influenza test positivity remained above baseline at 39% for
week 1. RSV, SARS-CoV-2 and all other seasonal respiratory pathogens’
test positivity levels were below the 10% threshold. Test positivity
levels will likely change as additional data are reported. The
percentage of GP Out-Of-Hours (GP-OOH) calls for self-reported flu calls
were stable and for self-reported cough calls decreased with both above
the overall baseline for all ages during week 1.
COVID-19
COVID-19 activity increased and was at low levels in week 53 2025.
The overall incidence was 4.2/100,000 population. There were 216
COVID-19 cases in week 53 compared to 145 cases in week 52. Emergency
Department (non-hospitalised) COVID-19 cases increased from 67 in week
52 to 122 in week 53. Hospitalisations increased, with 55 cases in week
52 and 66 cases in week 53. There have been 19 ICU admissions and 61
deaths reported for this season to date. COVID-19 hospital bed occupancy
has remained stable in recent weeks. XFG remained the predominant
SARS-CoV-2 variant, accounting for 90% of samples sequenced between
weeks 42 and 46 2025. A total of 11 Variant Under Monitoring (VUM)
BA.3.2 sequences have been detected in confirmed cases to date in
Ireland.
Influenza
Influenza activity increased across most surveillance indicators in
week 53 2025 and was at moderate levels overall and high levels for
those aged <5 years. Influenza activity is likely to have peaked
during weeks 50-51 2025. The overall incidence was 39.8/100,000
population and highest in those aged <5 and ≥80 years. Influenza
cases increased by 15%, from 1776 cases in week 52 to 2049 cases in week
53. Emergency Department (non-hospitalised) influenza cases increased by
27%, from 996 in week 52 to 1269 in week 53. Hospitalisations increased
by 39%, from 369 cases in week 52 to 512 cases in week 53. There have
been 120 ICU admissions and 41 deaths reported for this season to date.
Influenza hospital bed occupancy increased in the most recent week.
Influenza A(H3) accounted for the majority of subtyped influenza A
viruses during the season to date. Of influenza A(H3N2) samples
sequenced by the National Virus Reference Laboratory to date, the
majority belonged to the new subclade K (Clade 2a.3a.1; former
J.2.4.1).Â
RSV
RSV activity increased but remained at moderate levels overall and at
high levels among 1–4 and 15–44 year-olds in week 53 2025. The overall
incidence was 11.4/100,000 population and highest in those aged <5
years of age. RSV cases increased by 47%, from 399 cases in week 52 to
588 cases in week 53. Emergency Department (non-hospitalised) RSV cases
increased from 179 in week 52 and 274 in week 53. Hospitalisations
increased from 115 cases in week 52 to 196 cases in week 53. There have
been 41 ICU admissions and six deaths reported for the season to date.
RSV hospital bed occupancy remained low but has been increasing over
recent weeks.
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI)
In ISO week 1 2026, SARI activity remained stable and at moderate
levels in Ireland; 118 SARI cases were reported from three sentinel
hospital sites, compared to 91 cases from the same three sites in week
52 2025. Influenza test positivity was at moderate levels, decreasing
from 47% in week 52 to 30% in week 1. RSV test positivity increased from
11% in week 52 to 14% in week 1 with test positivity at 30% in cases
aged <15 years. SARS-CoV-2 test positivity decreased from 7% in week
52 to 2% in week 1.
Outbreaks
There were 57 acute respiratory infection (ARI) outbreaks notified in
health and care settings during week 53 2025 (six COVID-19, 34
influenza, five RSV and 12 other ARI), an increase from the 37 ARI
outbreaks reported during week 52. Of the 57 ARI outbreaks, 14 were in
hospitals, 30 were in nursing homes, eight were in residential
institutions and five were in community hospital/long-stay units. There
was also one mixed COVID-19 and influenza outbreak notified during week
53.
Excess mortality
The latest HPSC excess mortality analysis of all registered deaths in
Ireland up to January 4, 2026 (ISO week 1 2026) using the standardised
European EuroMOMO algorithm shows that there has been no excess
mortality reported for the entire Irish population (all ages) during the
2025/2026 season (ISO week 40 2025 on) and most recently in ISO week 52
2025.
Technical notes
General
Data are provisional and subject to ongoing review, validation and
update. As a result, figures in this report may differ from previously
published figures.
The weekly calendar runs from Sunday to Saturday for respiratory
virus notifications on CIDR (as per the Infectious Disease Regulations
1982 and subsequent amendments) and Monday to Sunday for the sentinel GP
and SARI surveillance systems (as per ISO week). Further information on
epidemiological dates and weeks can be found on the HPSC website.
Please note that the excess mortality data are provisional due to the
time delay with death registration in Ireland. A country-specific
adjustment function was applied to correct for the typical delay in
registrations of deaths in Ireland. Nonetheless, estimates of excess
mortality for the most recent weeks are reported with some uncertainty
and should be interpreted with caution.
Definitions
The case definitions for COVID-19, influenza and RSV are available
here. Only data on laboratory-confirmed cases, including cases diagnosed
using near patient molecular tests, are included in this report.
Sentinel GP ARI consultations are consultations to sentinel GP
practices for Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), with ARI defined as
Sudden onset of symptoms AND at least one of the following four
respiratory symptoms: Cough, sore throat, shortness of breath, coryza
AND a clinician’s judgement that the illness is due to an infection.
Sentinel GP ILI consultations are consultations to sentinel GP
practices for Influenza like illness (ILI), with ILI defined as Sudden
onset of symptoms AND at least one of the following four respiratory
symptoms: Fever or feverishness, malaise, headache, myalgia AND at least
one of the following three respiratory symptoms: Cough, sore throat,
shortness of breath.
GP out of hours calls refer to calls to GP out of hours services from
persons with self-reported clinical symptoms of ‘flu’ or ‘cough’.
Emergency Department cases refer to cases treated in emergency
departments, with no indication on CIDR that they have subsequently been
admitted to hospital.
Hospitalised cases are inpatients with laboratory-confirmed
SARS-CoV-2, influenza or RSV and includes inpatients with incidental
infections, where the infection is not the reason for their
admission.
Bed occupancy refers to the number of laboratory-confirmed cases
admitted to acute inpatient sites at 08:00 hrs on the day of
reporting.
A SARI case is defined as a person hospitalised for at least 24 hours
with acute respiratory infection and onset of symptoms within 14 days
prior to hospital admission, with at least one of the following
symptoms: cough, fever, shortness of breath OR sudden onset of anosmia,
ageusia or dysgeusia.
The case definition was adapted in Ireland for infants aged <6
months to include increased work of breathing and apnoea as relevant
symptoms, the revised definition was applied to cases admitted from week
40 2025. A SARI case refers to an individual patient episode of
care.
As of September 2024, ICU admissions for COVID-19, influenza and RSV
refer to those admitted to intensive care where COVID-19, influenza or
RSV were the primary or contributory cause of admission. Prior to
September 2024, ICU admissions for influenza and RSV included all
admissions where the patient tested positive for influenza or RSV,
irrespective of whether these pathogens were the cause of admission.
COVID-19, influenza and RSV deaths are defined as a death in a person
with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, influenza or RSV infection. see case
definitions (this includes cases detected postmortem)
Moving Epidemic Method (MEM) thresholds have been established to
assess the intensity of respiratory virus activity. Thresholds have been
calculated using five years of historical notification data from
2017/2018 to 2024/2025. The seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 were
excluded, due to low influenza and RSV in circulation during the
COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has a bimodal epidemic pattern and
therefore is unsuitable for threshold analysis using the MEM. Further details
Test Positivity: Positive tests refer to all positive specimens and
includes duplicates and individuals who were re-tested.
Outbreaks are defined as two or more cases of acute respiratory
infection with the same pathogen (SARS-CoV-2, influenza or respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV)) confirmed by a laboratory test or near patient
test carried out by a health professional, and where there is reason to
consider that these cases may be epidemiologically linked in place and
time.
Other Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) outbreaks are defined as: Two
or more cases of acute respiratory infection arising within the same
48hr period epidemiologically linked in place: Outbreaks are classified
as Suspect ARI outbreaks, where testing has not been completed, is
pending or has been negative for Influenza, RSV and SARS-CoV-2.
Outbreaks are classified as confirmed if other respiratory pathogens
(ORVs), e.g. Rhinovirus, hMPV, Coronavirus OC43 etc are identified via
laboratory confirmation. The outbreak data presented in this report
includes both confirmed and suspect outbreaks.
Variant working definitions for ‘SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern’
(VOC), ‘SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest’ (VOI) and ‘SARS-CoV-2 variants
under monitoring’ (VUM) are available on the WHO
website and ECDC
website.
Data sources
The Computerised Infectious Disease Reporting (CIDR) system: CIDR is
the source of statutory notification data on laboratory-confirmed
COVID-19, influenza, RSV (including data on notified, emergency
department, hospitalised and ICU cases and data on cases who died) and
data on outbreaks.
The type/subtype of laboratory-confirmed influenza notifications are
reported on the CIDR system. The number of cases hospitalised and
admitted to ICU described in this report relate only to cases notified
during this reporting period, with known hospitalisation/ICU status at
the time of reporting.
Regional Departments of Public Health currently prioritise the
investigation and reporting of outbreaks in settings that benefit most
from public health and clinical intervention. The outbreak data reported
here focuses on these key settings/groups. These settings include acute
hospitals, nursing homes, community hospital/long-stay units,
residential institutions (centres for disabilities, centres for older
people, children’s/TUSLA residential centres and mental health
facilities) and other healthcare settings.
Population denominator data for analyses of CIDR data on notified,
emergency department, hospitalised and ICU cases and deaths are taken
from Census 2022.
Sentinel GP surveillance system: This includes 100 participating
general practices (located in all HSE Health Regions). These practices
report electronically on a weekly basis, the number of patients who
consulted with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and influenza-like
illness (ILI) (identified using International Classification of Primary
Care 2 codes R74 and R80). These practices provide overall and
age-stratified denominator data on the number of registered patients who
have sought care at the practice during the previous three years. The
combined patient population in these practices is estimated to be
approximately 10% of the national population. Sentinel GPs take a
combined nose and throat swab from the first five patients attending
their practice each week who meet the ARI case definition and send these
to the NVRL for testing.
GP Out-of-hours (GPOOHs) services: Five out of 14 GPOOHs services
provide weekly data on the total and age-stratified number of out of
hours calls for 1) all reasons, 2) for self-reported cough and 3) for
self-reported flu. The denominator for calculations of percentage of
calls is the total number of calls for all reasons.
The HSE Performance Management and Improvement Unit (PMIU) provides
daily data on bed occupancy (the number of currents inpatients with
laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, influenza and RSV).
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) surveillance system: SARI
cases are identified based on clinical symptoms from new admissions
through the Emergency Department in SVUH, SJH and UHL. In CHI-C cases
are recruited from emergency department and non-emergency department
routes (e.g. transfer from other hospitals, direct admission to
speciality wards), excluding day cases and elective admissions.
National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL): The NVRL routinely test
sentinel GP and non-sentinel respiratory specimens for SARS-CoV-2,
influenza, RSV and a panel of other seasonal respiratory viruses (ORV).
The NVRL report on influenza type/subtype of sentinel GP ARI and
non-sentinel respiratory specimens on a weekly basis.
The SARS-CoV-2
genomic sequencing sampling framework currently focuses on notified
COVID-19 cases with severe disease (hospitalisation, ICU admission) and
deaths, COVID-19 outbreaks in health and care settings, sentinel
surveillance programmes in the community and acute hospitals and
targeted sequencing based on public health risk assessment/clinical
requests and virological changes e.g. new variant of concern. There is
typically a lag time of 1-3 weeks between a COVID-19 case being
notified, selected for sequencing and SARS-CoV-2 sequencing being
completed. Therefore, the proportion of notified COVID-19 cases notified
in this time period from whom specimens are ultimately sequenced will be
higher than currently reported here. The HPSC link sequencing results
received from laboratories to epidemiological data on COVID-19 cases
reported on the CIDR system. This report summarises WGS results and
epidemiological data for COVID-19 cases that have been sequenced in
Ireland since week 40 2024 (specimen dates between 29/09/2024 and
15/11/2025). The SARS-CoV-2 sequencing results included in this report
reflect all data available as of 29/12/2025.
National SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance Programme: A detailed
description of the process involved for wastewater collection, sampling
and analyses is available in the routinely published [National
SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance Programme Report] (https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/nationalwastewatersurveillanceprogramme/)
Appendix
Appendix Table 1: Number
and incidence of notified laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19,
influenza and RSV by age, sex and HSE Health Region, from week 40 2025,
to week 53 2025. Data source: CIDR
Number of cases (incidence per 100,000 population) |
|---|
| All pathogens | COVID-19 | Influenza | RSV |
|---|
Cases | 24,428 (474.4) | 3,115 (60.5) | 18,156 (352.6) | 3,157 (61.3) |
Age groups (years) |
|
|
|
|
<1 | 1,416 (2,450.0) | 185 (320.1) | 646 (1,117.7) | 585 (1,012.2) |
1-4 | 4,086 (1,719.6) | 182 (76.6) | 2,460 (1,035.3) | 1,444 (607.7) |
5-14 | 2,996 (417.9) | 179 (25.0) | 2,633 (367.3) | 184 (25.7) |
15-44 | 5,255 (254.2) | 500 (24.2) | 4,533 (219.3) | 222 (10.7) |
45-64 | 2,801 (216.6) | 489 (37.8) | 2,129 (164.6) | 183 (14.1) |
65-79 | 4,118 (691.8) | 772 (129.7) | 3,072 (516.1) | 274 (46.0) |
>80 | 3,753 (2,073.2) | 808 (446.3) | 2,680 (1,480.4) | 265 (146.4) |
Median age (IQR) | 34 (6-72) | 65 (31-80) | 34 (9-72) | 2 (1-37) |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
Male | 11,314 (444.6) | 1,472 (57.8) | 8,227 (323.3) | 1,615 (63.5) |
Female | 13,087 (502.5) | 1,643 (63.1) | 9,907 (380.4) | 1,537 (59.0) |
HSE Health Regions |
|
|
|
|
Dublin and North East | 5,588 (470.7) | 643 (54.2) | 4355 (366.9) | 590 (49.7) |
Dublin and Midlands | 4,633 (429.9) | 550 (51) | 3538 (328.3) | 545 (50.6) |
Dublin and South East | 5,191 (534.6) | 739 (76.1) | 3917 (403.4) | 535 (55.1) |
South West | 3,627 (489.7) | 528 (71.3) | 2531 (341.7) | 568 (76.7) |
Mid West | 1,803 (436.5) | 284 (68.8) | 1259 (304.8) | 260 (62.9) |
West and North West | 3,583 (471.7) | 371 (48.8) | 2553 (336.1) | 659 (86.8) |
Appendix Table 2: Number
and incidence of notified hospitalised laboratory-confirmed cases of
COVID-19, influenza and RSV by age, sex and HSE Health Region from week
40 2025 to week 53 2025. Data source: CIDR
Number of cases (incidence per 100,000 population) |
|---|
| All pathogens | COVID-19 | Influenza | RSV |
|---|
Cases | 6,297 (122.3) | 1,131 (22.0) | 4,114 (79.9) | 1,052 (20.4) |
Age groups (years) |
|
|
|
|
<1 | 470 (813.2) | 76 (131.5) | 189 (327.0) | 205 (354.7) |
1-4 | 1,160 (488.2) | 80 (33.7) | 607 (255.5) | 473 (199.1) |
5-14 | 774 (108.0) | 73 (10.2) | 624 (87.0) | 77 (10.7) |
15-44 | 732 (35.4) | 118 (5.7) | 562 (27.2) | 52 (2.5) |
45-64 | 608 (47.0) | 143 (11.1) | 403 (31.2) | 62 (4.8) |
65-79 | 1,311 (220.2) | 314 (52.7) | 895 (150.3) | 102 (17.1) |
>80 | 1,241 (685.5) | 327 (180.6) | 833 (460.2) | 81 (44.7) |
Median age (IQR) | 45 (4-77) | 70 (33-81) | 50 (7-77) | 2 (1-35) |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
Male | 3,040 (119.5) | 583 (22.9) | 1,907 (74.9) | 550 (21.6) |
Female | 3,251 (124.8) | 548 (21.0) | 2,202 (84.5) | 501 (19.2) |
HSE Health Regions |
|
|
|
|
Dublin and North East | 690 (58.1) | 155 (13.1) | 442 (37.2) | 93 (7.8) |
Dublin and Midlands | 1,013 (94) | 227 (21.1) | 646 (59.9) | 140 (13) |
Dublin and South East | 1,490 (153.4) | 230 (23.7) | 1009 (103.9) | 251 (25.8) |
South West | 836 (112.9) | 177 (23.9) | 511 (69) | 148 (20) |
Mid West | 909 (220.1) | 150 (36.3) | 594 (143.8) | 165 (39.9) |
West and North West | 1,357 (178.6) | 192 (25.3) | 910 (119.8) | 255 (33.6) |
Appendix Table 3: Number
and percentage of test positive Sentinel GP ARI specimens by respiratory
virus for the most recent two weeks 52 2025, week 1 2026 and the
2025/2026 season to date. Data source: NVRL. Note: week number follows
the ISO calendar
| Week 52 2025 (N = 40) | Week 1 2026 (N = 51) | 2025/2026 (N = 2403) |
|---|
Virus | Total positive | % positive | Total positive | % positive | Total positive | % positive |
|---|
SARS-CoV-2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 89 | 3.7 |
Influenza Virus | 16 | 40.0 | 20 | 39.2 | 792 | 33.0 |
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | 5 | 12.5 | 3 | 5.9 | 86 | 3.6 |
Rhino/enterovirus | 2 | 5.0 | 5 | 9.8 | 404 | 16.8 |
Adenovirus | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 20 | 0.8 |
Bocavirus | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 0.2 |
Parainfluenza virus type 1 (PIV-1) | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.0 | 13 | 0.5 |
Parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV-2) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) | 1 | 2.5 | 2 | 3.9 | 16 | 0.7 |
Parainfluenza virus type 4 (PIV-4) | 2 | 5.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 42 | 1.7 |
Appendix Table 4: Number
and percentage positive NVRL non-sentinel respiratory specimens by
respiratory virus, week 52 2025, week 1 2026 and the 2025/2026 season to
date. Data source: NVRL. Note: week number follows the ISO calendar
| Week 52 2025 (N = 271) | Week 1 2026 (N = 278) | 2025/2026 (N = 4682) |
|---|
Virus | Total positive | % positive | Total positive | % positive | Total positive | % positive |
|---|
SARS-CoV-2 | 4 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.7 | 122 | 2.6 |
Influenza Virus | 42 | 15.5 | 39 | 14.0 | 1,091 | 23.3 |
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | 12 | 4.4 | 22 | 7.9 | 277 | 5.9 |
Rhino/enterovirus | 30 | 11.1 | 23 | 8.3 | 592 | 12.6 |
Adenovirus | 2 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.7 | 35 | 0.7 |
Bocavirus | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.4 | 18 | 0.4 |
Parainfluenza virus type 1 (PIV-1) | 4 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.7 | 18 | 0.4 |
Parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV-2) | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.0 |
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) | 5 | 1.8 | 3 | 1.1 | 40 | 0.9 |
Parainfluenza virus type 4 (PIV-4) | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.4 | 39 | 0.8 |
Appendix Table 5:
Influenza type and sub-type distribution among sentinel GP ARI and
non-sentinel respiratory influenza positive specimens for the most
recent two weeks 52 2025, week 1 2026 and the 2025/2026 season to date.
Data source: NVRL. Note: week number follows the ISO calendar
| | | Influenza A | Influenza B |
|---|
Time period | Specimen source | Total influenza positive | Total | A(H1)pdm09 | A(H3) | A(not subtyped) | Total | B Victoria | B (unspecified) |
|---|
Week 52 2025 | Sentinel GP ARI | 16 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-sentinel respiratory | 42 | 42 | 2 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 58 | 58 | 2 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Week 1 2026 | Sentinel GP ARI | 20 | 20 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-sentinel respiratory | 39 | 39 | 2 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 59 | 59 | 3 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Season to date | Sentinel GP ARI | 792 | 791 | 41 | 749 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Non-sentinel respiratory | 1,091 | 1,089 | 154 | 924 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 1,883 | 1,880 | 195 | 1,673 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Appendix Table 6: RSV type
distribution among sentinel GP ARI and non-sentinel respiratory RSV
positive specimens for the most recent two weeks 52 2025, week 1 2026
and the 2025/2026 season to date. Data source: NVRL. Note: week number
follows the ISO calendar
Time period | Specimen source | Total RSV positive | RSV A | RSV B | RSV (unspecified) |
|---|
Week 52 2025 | Sentinel GP ARI | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
Non-sentinel respiratory | 12 | 7 | 5 | 0 |
Total | 17 | 9 | 8 | 0 |
Week 1 2026 | Sentinel GP ARI | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Non-sentinel respiratory | 22 | 13 | 9 | 0 |
Total | 25 | 14 | 11 | 0 |
Season to date | Sentinel GP ARI | 86 | 41 | 45 | 0 |
Non-sentinel respiratory | 277 | 154 | 123 | 0 |
Total | 363 | 195 | 168 | 0 |
